Government Intervention 7 - FRQ per-unit tax

Government Intervention 7 - FRQ, per-unit tax

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2014 AP Microeconomics Exam - FRQ, question 3

(a) Draw a CLG (correctly labelled graph) of the gasoline market in which demand is relatively inelastic and the supply is relatively elastic.

You must know that inelastic demand is drawn more vertical (inelastic = I) and elastic is more like the the lines of the E, horizontal... So elastic (supply) is more horizontal and inelastic (demand) is drawn steeper.

(b) Suppose the Gov't imposes a $2 per unit tax on the producers of gasoline. On your graph from part (a), show each of the following after the tax imposed.

• The price paid by buyers, labeled Pb
• The after tax price received by sellers, labelled Ps
• The quantity, labeled Q

• So the price paid by buyers is simply the equilibrium price of the demand and new (s+tax) supply curve. Draw a dotted line over to the price axis and mark it Pb
• The after tax (net) price received by sellers is the amount of the tax. In essence the horizontal distance between the two parallel supply curves. But, to get the after tax price start at the new equilibrium (s+tax) and follow the dotted line down to the original supply curve, look left,, make a dotted line across to the price axis and mark it Ps.
• The quantity demanded at the new higher (higher prices mean less Qd) is less than at the original lower price. Draw a straight line down from the new (s+tax) equilibrium and label the new quantity as Qt.

(C) Using the labeling on your graph, explain how to calculate the total tax revenue collected by the government.

Since Pb is the market price paid by the consumer and the net amount kept by the seller we could write this as 

• Pb-Ps times the quantity sold, which is Qt, so (Pb-Ps*Qt)

or

• since we know the tax $2 and we know the quantity sold, then ($2 * Qt)

or

• (Pb * Qt) - (Ps * Qt) I'm not writing that out:)

(d) Will the tax burden fall entirely on the buyer, entirely on the seller, more on the buyer and less on the seller, more on the seller and less on the buyer, or equally on the buyer and seller. Explain.

Look at the graph,, its easy to see that the consumer (buyer) will pay more of the tax. When the demand curve is inelastic the buyers bear most of the tax incidence.

Hope this helps. 

2005 AP Microeconomics Exam - FRQ, question 2

2. The graph above shows the market for a good that is subject to a per-unit tax.    (a) Using the labeling on the graph, identify the following:

• equilibrium price and quantity before the tax.

easy, Yes? The equilibrium before the tax is where the supply curve crosses the demand curve. (NOT the supply curve that says, Supply + Tax)

The equilibrium price before the tax is (follow the dashed line across to the price axis) $12
The equilibrium quantity before the tax is (follow the dashed line down to the quantity axis) 100

• The area representing the Consumer surplus before the tax.

The consumer surplus before the tax is the areas, A,B,C and F.

• The area representing the Producer surplus before the tax.

The producer surplus before the tax is the areas, D,G,and E. or 100. Why 100 you ask?

Area of a triangle is 1/2 B*H    or (one-half, base times height.)  So the base is 100, the height of the producers surplus (up the price axis) is 2 (12-10=2)   so,   2 X 100 = 200 *1/2 = 100.

(b) Assume the tax is now imposed. Does the price paid by the buyers rise by the full amount of the tax? Explain!

Remember that the two supply curves are parallel so the tax is the vertical distance between them. In essence the tax shifted the supply curve leftward. Tax is a determinate of supply so a shift occurs.

Where the supply+tax curve crosses the demand curve is the new equilibrium, at that point follow the dotted line down until it touches the original supply curve ,, then look left. (follow the dotted line to the price axis) and you will see a price of $11.

Go back to the supply+tax curve where it crosses the demand curve, and look left. (follow the dotted line to the price axis) and you will see a price of $13.

• $13 minus $11 = $2 , two dollars is the tax. 

Consider that the former supply/demand equilibrium was at $12 and now the supply+tax/demand equilibrium is at $13. The equilibrium price has only moved from $12 to $13 so the price paid by the buyers has risen by $1. ($12 to $13 is 1 dollar) So the buyers have not paid the full amount of the tax.

Elasticity explanation - Supply is not perfectly elastic,, or demand is not perfectly inelastic or demand/supply have the same elasticities.

(C) Using the labeling on the graph, identify each of the following (after the imposition of the tax).

• The net price paid to the sellers.

Remember that net means (tax taken out) so the amount the seller receives minus the tax.

If the equilibrium price is $13 and the tax is (we now know) $2 then 13-2 is $11. So the seller receives $11 per unit.

• The amount of tax revenue.

Dollar amount of tax ($2) times, multiplied by, the quantity sold or (go to supply+tax equilibrium and follow the dotted line straight down to the quantity axis) 80.   $2 X 80 = $160

In essence the government tax is two dollars and the sellers sells 80 units,, the government gets $160 dollars in tax revenue.

• The area representing the consumer surplus (after the imposition of the tax).

The area representing the consumer surplus is the area A.

• The area representing the producer surplus (after the imposition of the tax).

The area representing the the producer surplus is the area B.

Now, On the graph above what if the questions had been worded differently,, such as 

• The area representing the change in consumer surplus.

The original consumer surplus was area A,B,C and F now, after the imposition of the tax, the area of consumer surplus is just A,,, so the change would be (B,C,F).

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2006 AP MIcro FRQ#2

2006 Price Ceiling - FRQ#2

Watch me do this FRQ on youtube https://youtu.be/Ux4F3PnCg4w

(A) Using a correctly labeled graph of supply and demand, show each of the following

We see the same pattern being used here. First questions are asked, usually, before any tax, tariff, subsidy happens.

• The equilibrium price and quantity, labeled as P* and Q*. Respectively  -- (Respectively is used when enumerating two or more items or facts that refer back to a previous statement). 

• area representing consumer surplus, labeled CS
• area representing the producer surplus, labeled PS

Simple enough, yes. but  1point is awarded for the CLG - Correctly Labeled Graph

                                         1point is awarded for the labeling of the CS (consumer surplus)

                                         1point is awarded for the labeling of the PS (producer surplus)

(B) The government imposes an effective(binding) price ceiling. Redraw your graph in       part (a), and label the ceiling price as P2. Completely shade the area representing       the sum of the consumer surplus and the producer surplus after the imposition of       the price ceiling.

We can see that with a binding (below equilibrium) price ceiling at P2,,, only Q1 of quantity will be supplied.

The quantity demanded is Q2 but the amount from Q1 to Q2 will never be supplied at this price.

At the low price of P2 consumer surplus has increased and gained the lower square.

Producer surplus has shrank to the small lower shaded triangle.

I want to point out that the white triangle (unshaded) to the left of the old equilibrium price is now considered DWL or dead weight loss. It represents the consumers and producers who would have liked to buy or sell at a higher price but can't now due to government intervention. 

(C) Suppose the demand for home security systems decreases and the price ceiling remains binding. Indicate what will happen to consumer and producer surplus.

So if Demand decreases, the demand curve shifts left. But, because they say in the problem (the price ceiling remains binding) we know that the demand curve has NOT shifted below the P2 price ceiling. Shifting the demand curve will decrease the consumer surplus but the producer surplus will remain unchanged. The producer surplus will only be effected if the supply curve shifts,, or the demand curve shifts far enough to cause the equilibrium price to go lower than P2.

Government Intervention 5 - World Price/ Tariffs FRQ's

Government Intervention - World Price/Tariffs

What exactly do I mean when I write (World Price) as a heading for a government intervention post. 

Since a picture or graph is worth a thousand words:

2004 AP Microeconomics Exam - FRQ,  Question 2

Watch me answer it 

https://youtu.be/ODPKsAEjyHk

These type of FRQ's (Free Response Questions) tend to have a predictive pattern of questioning.

The graph above shows the demand for oil by US residents, the supply of oil by US producers, and the world price of oil. Use the labeling of the graph to answer the following questions:

(A) Identify the following before trade occurs.

• Price of oil in the US market
• Quantity of oil produced in the US

Simple right! The price and quantity before trade occurs is the demand and supply curve at equilibrium. Start at (G) and follow the dotted line to P(2) which is equilibrium price, and then follow the dotted line down from (G) to the equilibrium quantity or Q(2).

• Price of oil in the US market - P(2)
• Quantity of oil produced in the US - Q(2)

(B) Now assume the US begins to import oil at the world market price of Pw. 

      Identify the quantity imported by the US.

At the world market price (low price) the US quantity demand for oil will be at point H, or Q3.

At the world market price (low price) domestic suppliers will only supply up to point J and the quantity domestically supplied is from 0 to Q1.

So the quantity imported is the total amount (internationally) supplied minus the amount domestically supplied. Since we know that the domestically supplied amount is from 0 to Q1 and the total amount supplied is Q3, then the difference is Q3 minus Q1 (Q3-Q1).

(C) Identify the consumer surplus in the US market for each of the following cases.

• Before international trade.
• After international trade.

Before international trade is easy, right? Consumer surplus is simply (K,G,P2),, that triangle is the consumer surplus before world market price is considered.

After international trade is fairly easy also. Consumer surplus after trade is (K,H, Pw).

Mind blown,, did you miss it?

With the lowering of the price the Consumer surplus expands to include what is blow the demand curve and above the world price.

(D) Identify the producer surplus in the US market for each of the following cases.

• Before international trade
• After international trade

Before international trade, easy right? Producer surplus is simply (P2,G,P1). 

After international trade, (Pw,J,P1).

(E) Identify the net gain in total surplus from trade.

Net gain would be the area under the curve that we didn't have before world price was introduced.

Net gain in total surplus is the area that has been gained by having a world price. The addition of a world price increased consumer surplus and reduced producer surplus, but the only new area under the curve is (J,G,H), the triangle represents the net gain in total surplus.

2012 AP Microeconomics Exam, FRQ, question 3

Watch me answer it here

https://youtu.be/POk4t7enQZ8

(a) at the world price of $2 per pound, how much sugar is Loriland importing?

at the $2 world price, domestic suppliers of sugar will only supply 2 million pounds (found where the Pw crosses the domestic Supply curve).

the total amount of sugar supplied is 14 million pounds of sugar, (found where the Pw crosses the Domestic Demand curve), at the low price 14 million pounds is demanded.

So, if 14 million pounds is demanded total,,, and 2 million pounds is supplied domestically, Loriland must be importing 12 million pounds of sugar. (14 - 2 = 12)

(b) Suppose that Loriland imposes a per-unit tariff on sugar imports and the new      domestic price including tariff is $4.

• identify the new level of domestic production
• Calculate the domestic consumer surplus for Loriland. (show work)
• Calculate the total tariff revenue collected by the government. (show work)

to identify the new level of domestic production (be careful, the directions are that the new domestic price is $4 not that the tariff is $4)

So to identify the new level of domestic production travel up the price axis until $4 is reached and then travel across until reaching the domestic supply curve. At a price of $4 the domestic supply is 6 million pounds of sugar.

Calculate the domestic consumer surplus for Loriland. (Remember that the area of a triangle is 1/2 (b x h)

So the consumer surplus at a price of $4 is found by following the dotted line across from the $4 price axis to the demand curve. Where it intersects the demand curve, we travel straight down and find a quantity of 10 million pounds.

On the price axis, from $4 to $9 is 5 (lets call it the height) 

From the $4 price straight across to the demand curve, and then down is 10 (lets call it the base)

-Domestic consumer surplus,, is the area of the consumer surplus triangle-

so, 1/2 (5x10) = 25.. (25 is the consumer surplus)

• Calculate the total tariff revenue collected by the government. (show work)

1. understand that if world price was $2 and the price after tariff was $4, then the tariff is $2pds.
2. the new domestic demand after the tariff, that raises the price up to $4 is for 6 million pds.
3. at a $4 price 10 million pds is demanded.
4. 10 million pds minus the 6 million pds produced domestically = 4 million pds imported
5. 4 million pds times the $2 tariff = $8 million
6. the total tariff revenue is $8 million pds.

(C) Given the world price of $2, what per unit tariff maximizes the sum of Loriland's domestic consumer and producer surplus?

(Bit of a trick question) - as the per unit tariff that maximizes consumer and producer surplus is ($0 tariff,, nada, zip, no tariff at all)

2004 B AP Microeconomics Exam, FRQ question 3

(A) If the current world price of good X is Pw, does Palconia exports or import good X. Explain.

Placonia, produces locally 50 units of good X but imports units from J to N.
or, they can get unit JN cheaper on the world market, they import mostly.
(The opportunity cost of producing it locally is higher than the world price, so they import.)

(B) Given your answer in part (a), indicate the quantity of good X that Placonia exports or imports.

Placonia, imports 350(N) minus 50(J) = (300 units)

(C) A tariff on good X, increasing the price from Pw to Pt. Indicate the change in each of the following.

• Consumer Surplus from H,N,Pw to H,M,Pt
• Producer Surplus from (that itty bitty triangle above supply and below PwJ) to Pt,K,J,Pw

(D) Indicate how employment in the domestic industry that produces good X is affected by the tariff.

Employment in the domestic market will increase.

But why??

If you are supplying dolls to the market and then someone opens a shop across the street and is selling a like good cheaper, you will of course loose business. So you go to your local government and get them to tax(tariff) the dolls of your competitor. That way, you don't really have to compete in the capitalistic sense, you can get the government to protect your profits. The consumer looses by having to pay more for the dolls. You win, not by being smarter, or more efficient, or innovative. You have won simply by the pull of your political connections. Thousands, perhaps millions of consumers have to pay more for the dolls but your profits have increased and the demand for your dolls has increased to the point that you have to hire more workers. 

The argument tends to always be the same:

yes, these reasons are all simplified.

• Jobs, more domestic jobs (yet, what is not thought about is the cost of those jobs to the consumers of X country) it's argued that steel jobs in America cost the country (taxpayers) upwards of $800,000 per job.
• Security - if we don't provide it then we really on others and in a time of war, etc they might not sell it to us. Yet, there are thousands of types of goods that we would need to protect to have security for a war. They aren't protected.
• New industry  - the new industry needs to be protected until they get on their feet. (steel) really?

There are a few more but I'm looking for a discussion.

Please go to Econowaugh's facebook page. 

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Thanks,

Charles

Gonvernment Intervention 4 - Price Floors

Price Floors

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Remember (floors are high) - When drawing an effective price floor it must be drawn above the                                                         equilibrium.

Price floors are also known as minimum price, refers to setting a price higher than the market equilibrium by the government and no seller can sell the good at a lower price than the set minimum price.

Government reasons to set a price floor.

• to protect the sellers and stabilize their incomes - agricultural products
• to prevent deprivation for disadvantaged sellers - minimum wage

The graph above has a binding price floor that is set higher than the equilibrium price. This causes an excess supply of products. The high price causes the quantity demand to decrease allowing a glut or a surplus to form. The high prices help the producers (red area above) and hurts the consumer (blue area) as their surplus shrinks,,, the yellow triangle area is dead weight loss (DWL) or a loss to society in that these trades were not allowed to happen. 

mjmfoodie video - price floors and ceilings Watch It!!!

Impacts of a Price Floor

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1.    Government measures to dispose of the surplus:

The price floor (high price) causes a surplus or excess supply. What's to be done with this excess. In some instances the government decides to buy the excess supply. The governments buying is described as actions necessary to keep the price high. The expense is financed by the taxpayer and incurs a loss to society.

Buffer stock schemes are not on the AP, (or I haven't found any examples) but the concept of the governments intervention and especially the effects are relevant.

2.     Producers gain and consumers loose:

Producers now receive a higher revenue than before, and are better off. However, consumers lose as they are forced to pay a higher price and (enjoy less of the products).

Venezuela Toilet Paper Shortage: Government To Import 50 Million Rolls 

3.      Loss of Social Welfare:

Less trade less goods and services being enjoyed. Therefore, the people are worse off.
Go back and look at the yellow triangle above.

4.      Inefficient Resource Allocation:

Since the government has started the program to buy the surplus of goods it stands to reason that producers to overproduce, causing inefficient resource allocation. (more resources, land, labor, will be used for producing the (government purchased good) and less for producing other goods.


AP Price Floor Problems

1995 AP Microeconomics Exam

Answer - (D) The price floor would tend to create a shortage of the good in the market.

2000 AP Microeconomics Exam

Answer - 18. (B) WYZ
                             Competitive equilibrium means the equilibrium before the price floor.

Answer - 19. (C) decreases from OS to OR

2008 AP Microeconomics Exam

Answer - (A) a surplus and the price will eventually fall.

Readings/Videos/Podcasts/Views/Opinions

Welker on Price Controls

Ghana Buffer Stock Schemes - Almost makes you believe it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krLqeKm0edc

Milton Friedman on Price Controls - Watch! I think he nails it.

Is Price Gouging Immoral? Should It Be Illegal?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9QEkw6_O6w

Library of Economics & Liberty

http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/PriceCeilingsandFloors.html

Government Intervention 2 - Subsidies

Government Intervention 2

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Subsidies

Subsidies - Pajholden

Subsidies  - are grants provided by the government (taxpayers) to firms aiming at lowering production costs and increasing output.

Reasons that governments (taxpayers) give subsidies:

• to promote exports by lowering the price of goods so they are more competitive in foreign markets.
• to encourage socially beneficial activities. ex. community centers
• to encourage consumption of merit goods. ex. libraries, museums

Impact of Subsidies:

Imposition of a subsidy will decrease the market price level and increase the quantity transacted of goods and services. This is graphed by a supply curve shifting to the right.

Effects on Stakeholders:

• Consumers - are better off because they can pay a lower price to purchase goods and services. The vertical distance between the old supply curve and the subsidized supply curve is the value of the subsidy.
• Producers - revenue increases and producers are better off.
• Society - a welfare loss of (section A) is incurred. Resources are misallocated as there is potential gain that is not being captured.

There are no Multiple choice questions or FRQ's from the last 10 years having to do with subsidies. That is a good reason to study them.

Readings/Videos/Podcasts/Views/Opinions/Issues

Ag subsidies: Support system or sham?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0-4rKWT3kI&list=PLF879101B5740D7EE

GOP Farm Subsidies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0eXK28beeY&index=2&list=PLF879101B5740D7EE

Milton Friedman on Agricultural Subsidies:

Should the Government Subsidize…Silly Walks?

http://www.learnliberty.org/videos/should-government-subsidizesilly-walks-0/

Sen. Obama on Agricultural Subsidies  - Proposed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tM_D_y7STtg&list=PLF879101B5740D7EE&index=5

Sen. Obama on Agricultural Subsidies  - Reality

http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/congressional/Crop_subsidies_kept_secret_in_Congress_new_farm_bill_.html

Romney on Subsidies - 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD5rVo0gAZk&index=8&list=PLF879101B5740D7EE

Farm Subsidies -- Stossel in the Classroom

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8G1HIlRppo&index=11&list=PLF879101B5740D7EE

Subsidizing Stupid Risks -- Stossel In The Classroom

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsHMCIPM76M&list=PL601FE39220AA5252

Government Intervention 1 - Indirect Taxes

Government Intervention

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Includes all of the following:

• Indirect Taxes
• Subsidies
• Price Floors
• Price Ceilings
• What I like to call (world price)

Nixon imposes wage and price controls - 1971

Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, furthers Price Controls, 2013

Venezuela used cars. Price Controls

Indirect Taxes

Indirect taxes  - are taxes on the expenditure of goods and services. It increases the cost of production and shifts the supply curve to the left.

The vertical distance between the old and new supply curve is the size (amount) of the tax.

Governments impose indirect taxes for several reasons:

• to finance government expenditures (raise revenue)
• discourage socially undesirable activities (raises the taxes on gas to discourage driving)
• promote economic growth (imposes tariffs to lower consumption of imported goods)
• reduce inequality

Two types of Indirect taxes:

• specific
• ad valorem

Specific Tax - a tax on a good that is set as a fixed amount per UNIT.

                         ex. the government imposes a two dollar a pack cigarette tax.

Ad Valorem Tax - an indirect tax expressed as a percentage of the price of the product.

                                ex. VAT taxes - Value Added Tax - the government enforces a 20% tax on the                                             expenditure.

The best way to learn how to do tax intervention, cause and effect is to do an AP tax problem. Look closely at the graph and what is asked for in the question. The same structure is used for many of the Gov't intervention FRQ's.

1995 AP Microeconomics Exam - FRQ, #2

2) The graph above shows the market for a good that is subject to a per-unit tax. 

      (a) Using the labeling on the graph, identify each of the following:

• The equilibrium price and quantity before the tax.

This is easy in that we just need to look at the original supply curve and trace the equilibrium price (12) and the equilibrium quantity (100).          

• The  area representing the consumer surplus before the tax.  

Did you see the before the tax,,, Important, right! The consumer surplus before the tax is the sum of the A+B+C+F, area. 

• The area representing the producer surplus before the tax.

I know you saw the before the tax this time,,, failure to read the question closely is a big problem with answering these questions correctly. The producer surplus before the tax is D+G+E, area or 100$.

(b) Assume that the tax is now imposed. Based on the graph, does the price paid         by the buyers rise by the full amount of the tax? Explain.

If we look at the old equilibrium price of ($12) and the after the tax, new equilibrium price of ($13) we can say that the price paid by consumers increased by $1 after the tax. But the question asks, does the price paid by the buyer rise by the full amount of the tax, since the tax is $2 per unit and the consumer only paid $1 of the tax,, the consumer in fact, did not pay the full amount of the tax.

Explain, why? - Remember that the vertical distance between the two parallel supply curves is equal, up and down the curves. With that in mind, look at the vertical line running down from the new, taxed, equilibrium to the new quantity of 80 units. Look at the original supply curve and recognize that if the distance between old and new supply curve is the amount of the tax,, then we can see that the tax increased the cost of the good by $2 from $11 to ($13 the new equilibrium amount). Draw a line straight down through the new (taxed) supply equilibrium and where it crosses the old supply curve will show you the amount of the tax.  

That's a lot of words. :0

OK, so we can see that the tax was $2 and the consumer paid only $1 of the tax,,, why??

Answer - The price paid by the buyer does not rise by the full amount,, and since supply and demand have the same elasticities both pay half. The more elastic the demand curve (flat) the more producers will bear the tax burden,,, the more elastic the supply curve the (flat) the more consumers will  bear the tax burden.

Nice graphic example:

SPEND SOME TIME UNDERSTANDING THIS CONCEPT.

(C) Using the labeling on the graph, identify each of the following after the                     imposition of the tax.

• The net price received by the sellers.

Net price received by seller is $11 (net is what the seller actually puts in his pocket) after he pays his $1 to the government and the consumer pays his $1 to the government.

• The amount of tax revenue.

 Tax revenue (money collected by the government from the tax)  is the areas B+C+D or $160.

The revenue is the $2 per unit tax times the number of units sold = 80,, so 2*80 = 160.

• The area representing the consumer surplus.

Consumer surplus is A.

• The area representing deadweight loss.

Deadweight loss is what has been lost by society due to the higher prices,,, they are looking for either an area or a quantity. The area of DWL (dead weight loss) is F+G. The quantity is 20 units.

Pajholden on Indirect Taxes - 

Welker on Indirect taxes - Elastic

Welker Indirect (excise) tax - Inelastic

1995 AP Microeconomics Exam

Answer - (D) The supply curve will shift to the left.

Government Intervention 3 - Price Ceilings

Price Controls - Price Ceilings 

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Price Controls - refer to the setting above or below the market equilibrium (binding) by the                                   government. Price controls result in shortages and surpluses.

mjmfoodie video - Price floors and ceilings - 

Price Ceilings

Price Ceiling (max price), refers to the setting of the price lower than the market equilibrium by the government and no seller is allowed to sell the goods at a higher price than the maximum price.

Remember -  (Ceilings are low)

Ceilings are meant to help the consumers,,, with lower prices. Remember, the lower prices mean that quantity demand will increase, but from the producers standpoint lower prices are a incentive to supply less. So with a high quantity demanded and low quantity supplied we naturally have shortages.

Reasons for Price Ceilings:

• To protect (help Buyers so that lower income households can afford the good or service. Ex. food price controls and rent controls.
• to lower the price of goods that the government deems unreasonably high.

Impacts of Price Ceilings:

1.     Non-Price rationing emerges - When a price ceiling is imposed, Qd exceeds Qs. Shortages           occur. Therefore, sellers have to ration the goods using non-price rationing mechanisms,             such as lines, first-come, first-served, nepotism (favors,  me and mine first).

  

2.     Underground Parallel Markets (Black Markets) - Those who cannot obtain the goods                   desired on the regular market may seek to buy the goods at higher prices at the black                 market. As the black market is unregulated and unlicensed, the purchasing of goods                   services may pose a health and safety risk.

3.      Falling Quality of Goods - As producers are not allowed to sell goods at a price higher                  than the maximum price. they may try to lower the production costs to increase profit or            cover costs. The quality of goods may be reduced.

4.    Consumers might gain or loose - Consumers who are able to buy at the lower price of                  course are the winners. Since price ceilings notoriously cause shortages, some (those who            show up late) find that the supply has all been bought and so they loose.

 5.     Loss in Social Welfare - The distortion in people being able to purchase or sell goods                    goods reduces producer and consumer surplus by the shaded (DWL = Dead Weight Loss)          amount in the picture below.

Ok let's get to the Problems -

2005 AP Microeconomics Exam

Answer (C) There will be a shortage. 

Reffonomics - Practice makes perfect -
http://www.reffonomics.com/TRB/INPROGRESS/index12apriceceilingpricefloorunit1.html

Welker - Price floors and ceilings  - always watch Welker!!
Determining the Effects of Price Ceilings and Price Floors

Milton Friedman on Price Controls

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGKl1MzOc8k

Podcast - Mike Munger - Price Gouging
http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2007/01/munger_on_price_1.html

Mike Munger Article - Price Gouging
http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2007/Mungergouging.html

Venezuelans snap up cheap electronic goods after government forces stores to lower prices - Video