Automatic Stabilizer Cheat Sheet

 Automatic Stabilizer Cheat Sheet

Perfect Competition Short-Run to Long-Run (Profits) Cheat Sheet

Perfect Competition 

Short-Run to Long-Run (Profits) 

Cheat Sheet 

Inflation, Unemployment, Phillips Curve Cheat Sheet (Updated on 1/20/18)

Inflation, Unemployment, Phillips Curve Cheat Sheet

Monopolistic Competition (Cheat Sheet) Updated 4/16/2018

Monopolistic Competition (Cheat Sheet) Updated 4/16/2018

Advertising
to reduce
Demand Elasticity

Tax Incidence Cheat Sheet

Tax Incidence Cheat Sheet

Multiplier Cheat Sheet Updated (3/4/2017) MPC & MPS

Multiplier Cheat Sheet Updated (3/4/2017) MPC & MPS

Ok, so added some of the tax multiplier information on the bottom of the cheat sheet. 

Terms of Trade Cheat Sheet

Terms of Trade Cheat Sheet

FOREX Cheat Sheet

FOREX Cheat Sheet

Fiscal Policy Cheat Sheet (updated) 1/31/2017

Fiscal Policy Cheat Sheet (updated) 1/31/2017

Big change here - simply the fact that when the Interest Rate increases, investment decreases.

This happens in the short-run and the long-run.

I haven't really pinned down the differing ways the College Board asks this question. 

Since firms can't buy equipment/factories (capital goods) in the short run the the question tends to be non specific. Asking about Growth.

Some questions specifically want to know about long run growth.

Government Intervention Cheat Sheet Updated (01/12/2017)

Government Intervention Cheat Sheet Updated (01/12/2017)

Price Ceilings

Price Floors

Indirect Tax/Subsidy

Tariffs

Perfect Competition (Long Run Supply/ATC Curves)

Perfect Competition (Long Run Supply/ATC Curves)

This stuff seems to give students crazy hard time. (because its complicated)

(see a problem drop me a line (wcwaugh@aol.com))

Creating this to mimic the AP College Boards FRQ's

1) Perfectly Competitive firm in long run equilibrium in a constant cost industry.

a) Demand increases (Price and quantity increases)

b) Firm makes profits (show) in SR

c) In the LR firms enter pushing supply back to original price.

d) Long Run supply curve is horizontal (firms enter but price of good doesn't change)

e) In a constant cost industry the firm is allocative and productively efficient

So, most FRQ's start with the firm in Long-Run Equilibrium and then market demand increasing/decreasing. The College Board asks you to show the effect of the market demand, profits/losses. 

Easy up to this point, Yes?

Then they ask you to explain what happens to the long run supply curve and what happens to the price in the market (compared to the original price).

Know that the Long Run Supply curve is simply a line drawn between the original equilibrium point and the equilibrium point after all firms have entered/exited the market. It shows the quantity supplied once producers have had time (long run) to enter/exit the industry.

Sometimes its easier to see the big picture or the flow of things. 

In essence the market is in equilibrium, no firms want to enter or exit as the existing firms are all making a normal profit. 

This implies that no adjustments need to be made.

No adjustments in the short-run (no labor needs to be hired or fired) and,

No adjustments in the long run (no firms entering or exiting the industry) 

then something happens (Demand increases) Why??? Look back at the Demand Supply Cheat Sheet!

Lets just say population increases,, so demand increases. (profits happen for firms)

These firms adjust in the short-run by hiring more labor.

Due to diminishing marginal returns firms might need to buy a larger factory and/or more machinery.

In the long-run (remember?) firms can enter/exit but also more capital can be added (factories and machinery) for firms that need to expand.

Supply increases but in this instance, supply increases proportionately more than demand had increased.

This is due to resource prices used in production decreasing marginally due to economies of scale.

More supply pushes the price of the good lower than the original price,, this happens again and again 

How does this look over time.

 Notice that demand increases but less than the supply curve increases. Prices are falling as firms get larger due to economies of scale. Think agriculture. At the turn of the last century in the US, 80% of the people worked on farms now the percentage is around 2%. Firms got more productive and much larger.

Food costs have fallen due to technology and the industry adjusted with different levels of labor/capital mixes.

What if we draw in the ATC curves in the short run. Here is the same graph above with the short-run atc curves drawn.

Understand that at each ATC curve is a point in time where the firm is back to equilibrium (normal profit) and has no reason to enter or exit. Then demand changes and firms scramble to supply more goods/services. As they hire more labor with the existing machinery/factories their costs rise and they decide to increase factory size. This increasing of factory/machinery lowers ((((marginal costs)))

Mr. Waugh, where is the Long-Run Supply Curve

Draw a line through all of the Long-Run Equilibrium points and you have your  Long-Run Supply Curve

Understand that in this decreasing cost industry, as demand increase, supply responds in ways that price falls in the market due to ATCs falling for the firm. 

There are connections to this graph.

In the above Firm graph,, if we are producing where MR>MC then we should produce more. How? Hire more people...   If we are producing where MC>MR then we should produce less. How?? Fire some people. We want to produce where MR=MC = Profit Max. This is the quantity society wants MC=MB from societies standpoint.

Now lets look at the Long-Run ATC curve with LRMR and LRMC

Left Side, a short run ATC and MC curve on a LRATC curve,, the Firm in the short run needs to increase in size, or more firms need to enter as costs can be driven down because of EOS.. More will be produced and society will pay for it. (((Assuming that the Demand increases)))

Right Side, this industry has to many firms or its firms are to large and costs are rising. Firms are to large or there are to many firms.

Middle - Constant cost industry, firms enter and exit without price changes. This is approximately the right amount of firms in this industry at this point.

Oligopoly Cheat Sheet (Updated 12/8/16)

Oligopoly Cheat Sheet (Updated 12/8/16)